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An amino acid table, often referred to as an amino acid chart or codon table, is a reference tool used in molecular biology and genetics to understand the relationship between DNA or RNA codons and the corresponding amino acids they encode during protein synthesis. This table provides a comprehensive mapping of the genetic code, specifying which combination of nucleotide triplets (codons) corresponds to each of the 20 standard amino acids and the three stop codons. These tables are instrumental in deciphering genetic information, studying mutations, and designing experiments involving DNA and protein sequences.
Here's a simplified example of an amino acid table:
Amino Acid | Codons
---------------------------------
Alanine (A) | GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG
Arginine (R) | CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, AGG
Asparagine (N) | AAU, AAC
Aspartic Acid (D) | GAU, GAC
Cysteine (C) | UGU, UGC
...
>Stop (Termination) | UAA, UAG, UGA
In the table, the left column lists the standard amino acids, while the right column displays the corresponding codons, which are sets of three nucleotides. The "Stop" row represents the three stop codons, which signal the termination of protein synthesis. Although there may be variations in genetic code tables among different organisms, such as bacteria, plants, or animals, the fundamental principles remain consistent.
Researchers and molecular biologists refer to amino acid tables regularly to interpret DNA or RNA sequences, understand protein-coding regions, and perform tasks such as DNA sequencing, codon optimization, and genetic engineering. These tables are fundamental tools in genetic research and molecular biology.
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